Short Question of Neuroscience

MGM

A nucleus which transmits auditory and somatosensory information to amygadala.

EMG, EOG

EMG (Electro-myogram) These are electrodes which record the electrical potential muscles activity and placed on the chin and scalp to the electro-physiological measurements.
EOG (Electro-oculogram) These are the electrodes which are attached to the eyes and measures the eye movements.These electrodes are also attached to the EEG and monitor the electro-physiological movements of the body during sleep and wakeful conditions.

REM Sleep, N-REM Sleep

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) This is a phase of sleep in which the dreams occur and muscular paralysis occur. It is also called Paradoxical Sleep.

N-REM (Non Rapid Eye Movement) It is called Orthodox sleep. This is the phase of sleep in which the dreams are not occur and it is consisted on Four stages of sleep e.g First to Four and Delta Theta activities are occur in this stage.

Basic Rest Activity Cycle (BRAC)

This concept was given by Kleitman 1982 which means a 90-mint cycle in (Human) Waxing and Waning alertness controlled by a Biological Clock in the caudal brain sterm. This cycle controls cycles of REM sleep and Slow Waves Sleep.

Retrograde Amnesia, Antrograde Amnesia

These are the types of Amnesia in Retrograde refers to the inability to remember events that happened before the brain damage.This occur due to Head Injury or electro convulsive shocket (ECT).

While in Antrograde Amnesia is for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain such as Head Injury or certain Degenerative Brain diseases.

Dementia and Delirium

Dementia is a Neurological disorder which is based on the progressively deterioration of Cognitive abilities resulting from the organic brain disorder.

Delirium is also a Neurological disorder of Cloudy consciousness in which person feels difficulty in concentrating and focusing, attention and hallucinations of different kind may occur during Delirium.

Types of Thirst

Thirst is a physiological motivation and it is a tendency to seek water and to ingest it.

Thirst is divided into Two types.

Osmometric Thirst
Volumetric Thirst

Osmometric thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the inter stital fluid relative to the Intera Cellular Fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration.

Volumetric thirst occur when the volume of the blood plasma, the intra vascular volume decrease, This thirst can also occur due ti the loss blood, vomiting. Loss of blood volume is called Hypovolemia.
Emboli and Thrombi

Emboli is a Clot or other plug brought through the blood from a large Vessel and forced into smaller one where it obstruct circulation. It most effect the middle artery of the left side of brain.

Thrombi is a plug or clot in a blood vessel that has coagulate and remained at the point of its formation.

Semantic and Procedural Memory

Semantic memory is a kind of memory which covers ideas, rules and general concepts about the world. It develops after the procedural memory.

While Procedural memory is defined as the memory which covers specific events, objects and situation e.g Last night which film was seen.
Antibodies, Anti-genes

Antibody is a protein produced by a cell of the immune system that recognizes anti-genes present on invading micro organism.

Anti-genes is also a protein present on a micro organism that permits the immune system to recognize it as an invader.

B-Lymphocyte, T-Lymphocyte, B-Amyloid

B-lymphocyte is a white blood cell that originates in the bone marrow which is considerd an important part of the immune system.This is antibody.

T-lymphocyte is a defense by the immune system which is develop in the Thymus Gland. These cells are white cells and produce antibodies.

B-amyloid is a protein found in excessive amounts in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Surface Dyslexia, Phonological Dyslexia (faulty reading)

Surface Dyslexia is a reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by the whole word method.

While Phonological Dyslexia is also a reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty in reading of unfamiliar words or pronounceable non-words.

Dysgraphia, Dyslexia

Both are associated with the reading and writing deficits.
Dysgraphia refers to writing deficit While Dyslexia refers to reading deficits.

Aphasia, Anomia

Aphasia means difficulty in producing or comprehending speech not produced by deafness or a simple motor deficit caused by brain damage.

Anomia means difficulty in finding the appropriate word to describe an object action or attribute one of the symptoms of aphasia.

NMDA, AMPA Receptors

NMDA receptors are specialized ionotrpic glutamate receptors that controls the calcium channels that are normally blocked Mg2.

AMPA receptors are also ionotropic glutamate receptors that controls the sodium channels.

Glucoprivation, Lippoprivation

Glucoprivation means a dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cell.

While Lippoprivation means a dramatic fall in fatty acids available to cell.

Fasting, Absorptive Phases

Fasting phase of eating Metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system.

While Absorptive phase means a phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system and glycogen and triglycerides occur.

Glycogen, Triglycerides

The insoluble carbohydrates is called Glycogen which is produced by liver.

While Triglycerides is a form of fat storage in adipose cells consist on three fatty acids.

Homeostasis, Endo-therm

The process by which body's substances and characteristics are maintained at their optimal level e.g temperature and glucose level etc.

While the fluctuation in the characteristics is according to required environments is called endo-therm.

Hyper-tonic, Hypo-tonic

Both concepts are associated with thirst.

Hyper-tonic is the characteristic of a solution that contains enough solute that it will draw water out of a cell placed in it trough the process of osmosis.

Hypo-tonic the characteristic of a solution that contains so little solute that a cell placed in it will absorb water through the process of osmosis.

Sleep Apnea, Cataplexy, Narcolepsy, Insomnia

Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder which means fall asleep and then cease to breath.

Cataplexy is the composition of two words Kata means Down and Plexus means Stroke, so it is the symptom of Narcolepsy in which a complete paralysis occur that waking.

Narcolepsy is sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep , simply sleep attack in-appropriate time.

Insomnia a general term for chronic inability to sleep normally as evidenced by difficulty in falling asleep.

Endogenous, Enkephalin Opioid

Endogenous is a class of peptides secreted by the brain that acts as opiates.

While Enkephalin is one of the endogenous opioid.

Kinate, Metabotropic Receptors

These are the glutamate receptors, Kinate controls the sodium channels.

While Metabotropic receptors are also glutamate receptors that controls the calcium channels.

Blood Brain Barrier

A Barrier produced by the astrocytes and cells in the walls of the capillaries in in the brain. This barrier permits passage of only certain substances.

Hy-polarization, Depolarization

Hy-polarization means an increase in the Membrane potential of a cell relative to the normal resting potential.
Depolarization means Reduction (towards zero) of Membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential.

Ionotropic, Metabotropic Receptors

Ionotropic is a receptor that contains a binding site for a Neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attacked to the binding site.

Metabotropic is a receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter activates an Enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel else where in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attach to the binding site.

Antagonis, Agonist

Both concepts are associated with the Psycho-pharmacology.
Antagonis is defined as the drug which oppose or inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the post synaptic cell.

Agonist is defined as a drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the post synaptic cell.

Grand Mal, Petit Mal Epilepsy / Seizure

Both are the types of Generalized Epilepsy.
Grand mal epilepsy is also called Tonic Clonic epilepsy.This type of epilepsy is consisted two phases tonic and clonic and characterized by convulsion in limbs, Lose control over body, disturbance of motor system of brain and rolling of eye ball.

Petit mal is also called absence and Myocronic epilepsy and is associated with the children of 4 to 14 years old. It is consisted on two types 1 Typical 2 A-typical absence. It is characterized by the following symptoms like fluttering of eyelids, stereo type hand movement and myocronic jerks etc.

Placebo Effect

An observed effect on behavior that is caused by a placebo which means innocuos substance without a specific physiological effect. In simple a preparation with no medical value and no pharmacological effects.This is widely used and to be found in situations having nothing to do with the study of drugs.

Intra-cellular, Extra-cellular Fluids and Inter Stitial Fluid

The fluid which is found within the cell.According to experts round 80 - 70% water is found in the shape of fluid in the cell.This fluid is called Intra-cellular fluid.

The Extra-cellular fluid is the fluid which is found outside the cell.

Inter Stitial fluids e.g blood plasma and CSF (Cerebro Spinal Fluid). The Inter-stitial fluid is fluid that baths the cells of the body, filling the space between the cell of the body.

Spinal, Cranial Nerves

The nerves which are attached with the Spinal Cord, these nerves begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord.These nerves are consisted on 31 pairs.

The Cranial nerves are the nerves of PNS and are attached with the cranium or brain and consisted on 12 pairs among there pairs 10th pair which is called Vagus is the longest pair which is attached with Abdominal functions.

Ispilateral

It means located on the same side of the body as the point of reference.

Tectum, Tegmentum

Tectum means the Roof of the mid brain consisted on the inferior and superior colliculie.
the Tegmentum is the portion of the mid brain beneath the tectum containing the Red Nucleus.Reticular formation, Substabtia Nigra and Pareiaqueductal gray matter.

Auto Receptors, Auto Topagnosia

Auto receptors are the receptors molecules located on a neuron that respond to the Neurotransmitter that neuron itself secret.Some auto receptors are located on the Presynaptic Membrane.

Auto Topagnosia mean an inability to name body parts or to identify body parts that another person names.

Obstructive Hydro Cephlllus (Waterhead)

A condition in which all or some of the brain's Ventricles are enlarged caused by an Obstruction that impedes the normal flow of CSF.